Lps gram negativ vägg

Structural modifications of bacterial lipopolysaccharide that facilitate Gram-negative bacteria evasion of host innate immunity

Pattern Recognition of Microbial Components

The invasion of microorganisms into mammalian hosts is initially sensed by phagocytic cells through their receptors, known as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), to activate the innate immune response, which is the first line of host defense against pathogens. Each PRR can recognize a group of microbial components having a similar structural pattern, termed the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), and a limited number of PRRs are enough for surveillance of almost all microbial pathogens. The toll-like receptor (TLR) family is a representative PRR family, and different members in this family react with specific PAMPs (Table 1). In Gram-negative bacteria, PAMPs such as flagellin, CpG-DNA, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are involved (Figure 1), although flagellin and CpG-DNA are not limited to Gram-negative bacteria. Flagellin is a protein contained in bacterial flagella observed mainly in motile bacteria independent of Gram-negative or -positive status. CpG-DNA is a term for unmethylated CpG dinucleot

Basic Knowledge of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

(4) Gram-negative Bacteria and LPS

LPS is a bacterial component, but it is not associated with bacterial pathogenicity.

All bacteria are classified into two types: gram-negative and gram-positive. The types are distinguished bygd whether or not they are stained by the staining method developed bygd Danish scholar Dr. Hans Gram. Whether it fryst vatten stained or not with Gram stain depends on the structure of the cell vägg, and the difference in structure of the fängelse wall shows the difference of phylogeny of two types of bacteria..

Classification of bacteria

LPS is present only in gram-negative bacteria, which include both useful and pathogenic bacteria. Useful gram-negative bacteria include acetic acid bacteria that are used in acetic acid fermentation; Zymomonas mobilis that is used in tequila fermentation; Xanthomonas bacteria that produce xanthan gum, which is used as a polysaccharide thickener for food; and Pantoea agglomerans that coexists on edible plants and suppresses fungi growth. On the other grabb, pathogenic gram-negative bacteria include Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella species. As mentioned above, the presence or absence of

Pushing the envelope: LPS modifications and their consequences

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